Transportation has historically
been a technology intensive industry. The invention of the fast moving rail
engine forever changed the pattern of human settlements, with cities expanding
beyond previous limits and the activities of trade and commerce also flourishing.
Transportation, it seems, has always decided the hierarchy of settlements.
An inefficient
urban transport system impedes the growth of the urban economy. Transportation
is a part of a complex set of systems which are inter-related and
inter-dependent for their efficient functioning; transport, land use, economic
development, ecological cycle, formation of a healthy society and
infrastructural development are all inter-dependant processes.
The ongoing problem of traffic
congestion in cities can’t be solved by looking at the components of transport
systems in isolation. The diagnosis of urban issues should be done after
analysing their causes and impacts.
In Vienna, an urban motorway was
built and opened in 1978 to relieve the crowded inner urban streets from the
north-south traffic crossing the Danube River. The number of accidents in
Vienna continuously declined during the 70s. But when the motorway was opened,
the trend reversed, peaking in 1994. After the opening of the motorway,
traffic speeds went up, leading to about 15,000 collisions.
This example is significant,
especially in the developing nations which are on an accelerated phase of
transportation development. The effects of building flyovers, expressways and
other means of transportation may be very complex. The whole concept of
transportation planning can be best understood by system analysis, which can be
reproduced today by computer modelling and other techniques using real
human and structural behaviour of the cities.
At the neighbourhood level,
transport planning can encourage people to walk and use cycles as a means of
transportation, and there are various methods proposed to promote public
transport. Providing parking within a reasonable walking distance can encourage
private automobile use, but if the distance between private parking and key
areas is equal to the distance to public transport, a more balanced transport
mix can be encouraged. There is also potential in mixed land use,
helping revitalise community life & attract pedestrians back to the
street. It can also provide a more diverse & sizeable population,
supporting public transit. Car use is much higher in cities that have strict
zoning & very little mixing of business areas with residential areas.
Enforcing minimum occupancy of
vehicles is a controversial but potentially powerful tool for creating a
functioning urban ecosystem. The number of annual vehicle registrations
could also be kept under the control of local authorities, which is once again
a controversial option. However, there is no point over-burdening a city,
especially where sustainable development is concerned.
Another aspect which could prove
beneficial in the long run is the education of a city’s youth based on factors
related to the planning, formation, development and functioning of the city.
For an urban settlement to work efficiently, the participation of the community
is quite crucial, which is something that is lacking in the developing world.
The lessons from the past should
act as the guiding lights for future developments. In the past, the share of
public transport has been destroyed, not simply by an increasing number of cars
but by the stages before that: organizing transport facilities and parking in
an inefficient manner. Transportation planning isn’t a theory; it’s a
collective implication of the practicality of the urban
ecosystem. Countries with a low degree of motorization have the
opportunity to avoid making the same mistakes in their transport systems.
This article was first published on 10th March on thisbigcity written by the author of this blog.
Images from wikimedia and therealsingapore
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